The Role of Cattle Farming in Tanzania’s Economy

Cattle farming is one of the most important agricultural activities in Tanzania, shaping both the economy and the livelihoods of millions of people. With a national herd of more than 30 million cattle, the country is ranked among the top in Africa for livestock numbers. Beyond providing food, cattle play a central role in rural income, employment, and cultural traditions.

A Backbone of Rural Livelihoods

For many Tanzanian households, cattle are more than livestock—they are a source of wealth and security. Families rely on cattle for milk, meat, hides, and manure, which improve daily living and farming productivity. Cattle are also used as draught animals, helping farmers plough fields and transport goods. This makes them essential for smallholder farmers who depend on affordable and reliable means of production.

Contribution to the National Economy

Livestock farming contributes significantly to Tanzania’s GDP, with cattle making up the largest share. The industry supports local markets by supplying beef and dairy products, and it also provides export opportunities within the East African region. Cattle farming generates employment for farmers, traders, butchers, and transporters, making it a vital link in the country’s economic chain.

Food Security and Nutrition

Milk and beef from cattle remain key sources of protein for Tanzanians. By improving dairy farming and meat production, the country can strengthen food security and meet the nutritional needs of its growing population. Expanding modern processing and distribution systems will further unlock the potential of cattle farming in reducing malnutrition and improving household diets.

Opportunities and Challenges

While cattle farming offers huge economic potential, the sector faces challenges such as overgrazing, limited access to veterinary services, and the impact of climate change on grazing lands. However, with investment in sustainable practices, better breeding techniques, and improved market access, cattle farming can drive economic growth while safeguarding the environment.

Looking Ahead

Cattle farming is not only part of Tanzania’s heritage but also a driver of future prosperity. By combining traditional practices with modern innovations, the sector has the power to uplift rural communities, contribute to national development, and position Tanzania as a leader in livestock farming across Africa.